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THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TEMPORAL GIS
FOR CADASTRAL AND LAND TITLE DATA OF TURKEY
C. Cómert/, M. Alkan?
4
Karadeniz Technical University, Geodesy and Photogrametry Department, ccomertktu.edu.tr, malkan(@ktu.edu.tr
Commission IV, WG IV/I
KEY WORDS: GIS, Data, Analysis, Temporal, History
ABSTRACT:
Cadastral and land title data has a very large spectrum of users; legal authorities, Land Registry and Cadastre offices, Highway
departments, Foundations, Ministries of Budget, Transportation, Justice, Public Works and Settlement, Environment and Forestry,
Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Culture and Internal Affairs, State Institute of Statistics, execution offices, tax offices, real estate
offices, private sector, local governments, banks and owners need this data. This need is not only for updated but also for temporal
data. In the traditional system, the temporal analyses needed by all these users could not be performed in a rapid and reliable way.
The reason for this is that the traditional land title and cadastre system is a manual archiving system. To date, considerable work has
been done to carry out temporal analyses by the means of Geographical Information systems (GIS). However the main problem of
not having a spatio-temporal data model remains. That is, the solutions provided by these work are all application-oriented. This and
the fact that there had been no work for this issue in Turkey have motivated us to undertake a work on designing and developing a
Temporal Geographic Information System (TGIS) which would enable temporal analyses of cadastral and land title data. To this end,
after determining the need for temporal analyses of cadastral and land title data, how temporal analyses are performed in the
traditional system has also been examined. Finally, a TGIS which enables quick and reliable temporal analyses of cadastral and land
title data has been explained. This paper summarizes this work and briefs the analyses which can be performed in the system.
I. INTRODUCTION
In Turkey Land title data and cadastral data defines are
handled by LT and cadastre offices which are separate state
departments. Land title (LT) data includes such information
as the owner and ownership rights. Whereas, cadastral data
defines the location, shape and size. LT and cadastral data is
of a very dynamic nature. It ever changes in time for a
number of reasons. Rapid urbanization in Turkey is one of
the reasons. That is, more and more buildings, apartments,
and offices arc built cvery day. Another reason is the fact that
real estates have always been amongst the most popular
investment instruments in Turkey and the country has a very
dynamic economy. That is, every single day and hour people
buy and sell real estates. Similarly, subdividing or combining
parcels geometrically when applying zoning plans or
changing the ownership rights when setting a mortgage on a
land parcel are amongst everyday transactions in a LT
offices. Either land title or cadastral data changes at the end
of some transactions. LT and cadastral data has a great
variety of users; legal authorities, various state organizations,
private sector companies, local governments, owners and
many others need this data. This need is not only for updated
but also for “temporal data” which mean the data concerning
the past or history of real estates. Traditional land title and
cadastre system enables temporal analyses. Nevertheless, in
most of the cases performing an analysis may be a tedious,
time consuming, and error-prone task. Therefore, needed is a
Temporal Geographic Information Sytems (TGIS) for LT and
Cadastral data.
There are different definitions of Narciso (1999) defines
TGIS as a kind of GIS that not only handle attribute and
geographic data elements of geographic futures, but also
temporal data clements. According to Yuan (1996) a
temporal GIS aims to process, manage and analyze
spatiotemporal data. Montgomery (1995), a temporal GIS is
a GIS where time is included as an explicit attribute of the
features in the database. Zhao (1997) affirms that, a temporal
GIS must be able to represent temporal changes in both
spatial objects and their attributes. — Langran (1993), a
temporal GIS would trace the changing state of a study area,
storing historic and anticipated geographic states.
In our view, Temporal GIS can be roughly defined as a GIS
with temporal analyses capability. This definition implies a
temporal database and a temporal data model. Various spatio-
temporal data models have been proposed in thc literature.
Some of them are space-time cube, snapshot, space-time
composite, 3D/4D TGIS, Vector Update, the triad
framework. However, there is not a commonly accepted data
model in place yet (Narciso 1999, Pang 1999, Pequet 2001,
Langran 1993. Yuan 1996). In our view, these models may be
classified under “layer-based” and “object-based” models.
On the other hand popular GIS systems have adopted some
other solutions. For instance, Arc/Info employs its versioning
system to trace temporal changes. Intérgraph uses a similar
approach (Esri, 2002, Roux 2003). We have used the space
time composite model in our work.
2. CURRENT LAND REGISTRY AND CADASTRE
SYSTEM
In the current land title and cadastre system of Turkey, real
estates such as land parcels, buildings, apartments, business
offices etc. are defined with two general types of information.
These types are named as “land title data” and “cadastral
data” in this article. Land title data involves ownership
identities such as name, last name, father name of the owner.
The date and transaction via which the ownership was gained
is also included. In addition, ownership rights and
responsibilities such as mortgages on the estate. rights of
third parties on the estate are components of land title data.
Cadastral data, on the other hand, determines the location in a
coordinate system and the shape of the estate. At the moment,
cadastral data is maintained in either analog or digital
medium. In Turkey, both types of data are handled by two
