International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004 
4. ACCURACY OF ORTHOPHOTO 
Orthophoto i age has been generated from IKONOS image 
with lower inclination angle and from aerial photographs taken 
in scale 1:26 000. Accuracy of two orthophoto images has been 
checked using independent checkpoints. The results are shown 
in table 3 and 4. 
  
  
  
  
RMSX RMSY Mean X Mean Y Max Max 
X Y 
Town 1.3 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.8 2.6 
Grass 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.7 1.6 
and 
Hilly 1:3 0.8 1.2 0.8 2.1 1.4 
region 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Table 3. Accuracy of IKONOS orthoimages in [m] 
  
  
  
  
RMSX RMSY Mean Mean Max X Max Y 
X Y 
Town 1.4 0.6 1.3 0.6 2.4 1.1 
Grassland 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.4 ].5 
Hilly 1.6 13 1.8 1.4 2.6 2.4 
region 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Table 4. Accuracy of aerial orthoimages in [m] 
The accuracy of orthophoto generated from color aerial 
photographs is usually within 1 to 2 pixels. The accuracy of 
orthophoto from IKONOS data has been compared with 
orthophoto generated from aerial photographs in scale 1:26 000. 
The result are shown in table 5. 
  
  
  
  
RMS [RMS | STDEV | STDEV | Mean | Mean | Max | Max 
X Y X Y X Y X Y 
Town 1.2 0.8 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.7 24 1.3 
Grass 1.4 0.9 1.3 0.8 1.2 0.7 2.2 1.5 
Hilly 1.0 19 0.9 1.3 0.8 1.7 2.1 2.8 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Table 5. Accuracy of IKONOS orthoimage 
The accuracy of orthoimages from IKONOS is very good due to 
narrow acquisition angle, the application of appropriate 
metadata as well as high accuracy of DTM. It is comparable to 
the accuracy achieved with the use of aerial photographs. 
5. CONCLUSION 
IKONOS Pan stereo data with well distributed and identified 
GCP's can be used for generation of DTM with accuracy 
RMSz«Im which is compatible with DTM generated from 
aerial photographs in scale 1:26 000. IKONOS pan Geo data 
can also be used for orthophoto elaboration in the scale 1:10 
000 (pixel size Im x 1m). The accuracy RMSx,y <2 pixels. 
6. REFERENCES 
Büyüksalih G., Kocak M.G., Oruc, H M. Akcin, Karaelmas 
University, Zonguldak, Turkey 
Jacobsen, K. University of | Hannover, Germany 
Handling of IKONOS images from Orientation up to DEM 
generation 
High Resolution Mapping from Space 2003, ISPR and EARSeL 
Workshop, University of Hannover, 2003 
Dowman Y., Michalis P., University College London, U.K. 
A generic rigorous model for along track stereo sensors. High 
Resolution Mapping from Space 2003, ISPR and EARSeL 
Workshop, University of Hannover, 2003 
Majde A., Kaczyüiski R., Ziobro J.:: Okreslenie nowych cech 
zdjeé satelitarnych najnowszej generacji. Projekt badawezy 
KBN Nr 9 TI2E 022 19. Warszawa 2002 
Gene D., Grodecki J., 2002, Block Adjustment with Rational 
Polynomial Camera Models. ASPRS Congress, Washington 
Grodecki J., Gene D., 2001, IKONOS Geometric accuracy. 
ISPRS Workshop, Hanover, Sept. 19-21.2001 
Jacobsen K., 2002, Generation of orthophotos with 
CARTERRA Geo images without orientation information. 
ASPRS Congress, Washington 
Kaczynski R., Ewiak I., Ren Wei Chun, Yang Ming Hui, 2001: 
Evaluation of Panchromatic IKONOS data for Mapping. 
Geodesy and Cartography. Vilnius, Vol. XXVII, No 4, pp. 157- 
160 
Tao C. Vincent, Yong Hu, Steve Schnick, 2002, 
Photogrammetric Expolitation_ of IKONOS imagery using the 
Rational Function Model. ASPRS Congress, Washington, 
Acknowledgements 
Project No 9 TI2E 022 19 has been supported by Committee 
for Scientific Research in Poland. 
464 
  
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