International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004 
  
BATKTARHE OPTOSOTO APAHBENOBALL-45 t TE? - 45 
  
  
  
    
  
  
Figure 5: Printed form of digital orthophoto 
3.1 Problems in utilization 
The main drawback in DOP utilization is insufficient computer 
capacities of authorities at local level. Those areas which didn’t 
accept computer philosophy are natural drawback to the all 
innovations connected with computer technology. Computer 
philosophy adopting process is full of sideways. Some cases 
show that DOP is not in use in digital, but just in analogue, 
printed form (Figure 5), because that delays facing with the 
problem. 
4. DATA DISTRIBUTION 
First DOP opened the question of finding the optimal way for 
its distribution. Namely, it became clear that town planning 
agencies are disinterested or non-sufficiently qualified to make 
DOP available to the other potential customers. There are cases 
that, due to the fear of unauthorized copyrights, DOP remains in 
the drawers and remains unavailable to other prospective users. 
After initial problems, the solution is easily coming out. 
Companies which possess DOP, started to realize their interest 
to help the local governments. It is to expect very soon the 
possibility to distribute data through the Internet. This way of 
distribution is dedicated to the small potential users and 
citizens. Their goal is multiple: rising general information 
culture of citizens and organization; contemporary space 
navigation, promotion of DOP as basic GIS background. 
Planned services and favors are: overview, space searching, 
ordering of paper copies, ordering of posters of attractive 
locations, ordering digital copies of wanted location, ordering 
of DTM products, etc. 
558 
4.1 Copyright 
Copyright of existing DOP are still fuzzy. Namely, DOP is the 
first cartographie background which is produced in Serbia 
without any help or support from the state. It is about one quite 
spontaneous process in local areas as answer to the long termed 
passivity of in charged state authorities. The only legal act for 
the DOP production in Serbia at this moment rely in the Law on 
planning and construction, which treats the DOP as the 
background for the Master plan production, as well as the 
regulation for the geodetic works in this area. Sometimes, local 
governments are financing DOP production, so they consider 
themselves as the owners of the copyright under DOP. 
Additional problem arises in the situation when there are more 
financiers. Practice shows that they are satisfied with the right 
to make free copies for their needs, while the unlimited 
copyright remains with the first and biggest investor — local 
government. Holding the copyrights in very rigid way leads to 
nothing, when we are talking about industry subjects and 
citizens. Establishment of the DOP distribution at non-profit 
principle is in progress. This means that the prices of services 
for the users are such that they cover just the expenses of 
ordered material. In this way, DOP becomes public good and 
local government provides their citizens with public service. 
S. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECT 
All previous observations on DOP production and utilization in 
Serbia show complete absence of national geodetic and 
cartographic institutions, in the sense of production, as well as 
in planned approach and regulations. In spite of that, 
willingness of local governments, together with market 
initiative, showed enviably vitality. What remains is the sad fact 
that the state didn't recognize the need to make DOP available 
to all potential users under the same conditions as the part of 
national infrastructure of spatial data, as it is the case for some 
other countries (TeSelle, 1995; Johansson, 1995). Nevertheless, 
even worst is the fact that national geodetic organization, like 
Governmental Geodetic Authority and Military Institute, didn't 
planned so far digital orthophoto projects within their basic 
activities. 
5.1 Digital orthophoto and real estate cadastre 
In spite of huge efforts to establish real cstate cadastre in Serbia, 
digital orthophoto still didn’t find its place in cadastral 
application. Still it is fuzzy how and under what condition DOP 
can be utilized in the real estate cadastre. The answer to the 
question “Is it possible and under what condition to use DOP in 
order to up-to-date cadastral maps in the scale 1:1000 and 
1:2500?" should be given. This is necessary, because in this 
moment extent of this work cannot be clarified. It means that 
classical way of field works may just slow down the process of 
legislation. 
The idea is very simple: allow utilization of DOP for digitizing 
and geopositioning of unrecorded objects in order to link them 
with appropriate identity (ID) in legislation part of real estate 
database. Temporary geopositioning can be improved with 
precise land surveying, when and if there's a need for that. 
If legislative and normative capabilities would allow direct 
application of DOP in production and maintenance of real estate 
cadastre in Serbia, that would be immediate motive to raise 
Inter 
  
DOE 
finar 
Serb 
(http 
Prod 
full 
the c 
local 
area. 
matu 
one | 
by th 
have 
impo 
In te 
and 
indis 
and, 
impl 
Johai 
ortho 
Proc: 
Ame 
Ame 
Miha 
econ 
prodi 
Proc 
Obse 
pp 7” 
TeSe 
Natic 
GIS/i 
Phot 
on Si