4l 2004 
ributes 
hereas, 
whole 
neated 
adakola 
Total 
4,10 
14,00 
  
region, 
itershed 
ersheds. 
dient of 
ediment 
survey 
ts from 
h points 
S. Thus, 
T order 
ediment 
International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004 
  
First Second Third Fourth 
Order Order Order Order 
Numbers 101,0 17,0 2.0 1,0 
Stream orders 
  
  
Average stream 
453,0 1899,5 | 24019,9 | 65505,3 
length (m) 
  
Average area 
T ( 
(km!) ),1 0,3 4,6 14,1 
  
Average altitude 
€ € 3 
difference (m) 87,9 113.5 260,0 360,0 
  
Average drainage 
  
  
density (km/km^) TS 6,8 4,7 
Stream que 14.1 2,9 0.2 0.1 
(nos. stream/km") 
Bifurcation ratio 5.9 8,5 2,0 - 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Table 2. Statistical Data on Geomorphometric Parameters of 
Thadokhola Watershed 
3.2 Landuse/landcover Classification 
The landuse/landcover change from 1988 to 2003 within the 
study area is shown in Figures 5 to 8. In general, areas under 
floodplains/eroded lands have increased whereas those under 
rain-fed cultivation land and sparse forest have decreased 
within the study area. The expansion of floodplains/eroded 
lands and dense forest from 1988 to 2003 were 0.8 and 0.9 km”, 
respectively (Figure 5). The increase in dense forest area mostly 
due to implementation of hill community forestry, integrated 
soil conservation and watershed management programme and 
an operational forest management plans after the government 
intervention for integrated landuse and natural resources 
management. 
  
  
DO Cultivation Ends D Srarse forest B Aood plans © Dense forest 
Whole watershed 
  
  
  
  
  
Perea (Km) 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
1998 1999 2000 
S 
= 
e 
  
  
Figure 5. Changes in Landuse/landcover in Whole Watershed 
Landuse/landcover has undergone significant alteration. and 
transformation in 2000. Specifically increase in 
floodplains/eroded lands observed between 1999 and 2000. 
There is a 143 days difference between the dates of the images 
taken 1999 and 2000 (November 4, 1999 and February 16, 
2000). This is highly significant in compare to the changes 
occurred between 1988 and 1999. It is assumed that an intense 
rainfall might have occurred during September, 1999 to March, 
567 
2000, and depleted cultivation lands and sparse forest floors 
resulting increase in class 3 areas (rainfall data is unavailable). 
This period accords with post harvest and plant dormancy time, 
thus might have enhanced erosions. 
  
     
  
OCiitiattn Bek OBE: brest MW Flood plas B Legge Toe 
  
m 
  
Thfdorer 
  
en 
  
2 
  
Area 
hà 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 6. Changes in Landuse/landcover at Third Order 
Watershed 
  
  
  
DC ricrtior Eds D 5 
Secoidorkr 
  
e 
  
  
cC 
  
  
„Ara HZ 
2 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
2003 
  
  
war 
  
Figure 7. Changes in Landuse/landcover at Second Order 
Watershed 
  
  
in Cul luiloniionids D Spase Toesi 8 Acod piis Bl Deree Tesi] 
  
Fir | cider 
uh 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Figure 8. Changes in landuse/landcover at first order watershed 
In the year 2003, cover classes 2 and 3 were decreased and 
cover class 4 was increased. Cover class 1, in whole watershed 
remain unchanged, whereas, it was observed decreasing in all 
sub-watersheds. This reflects the occurrence of abandonment of