International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sci 
Lastly, the second block, which has fewer GCPs at the North, 
was adjusted using the same pass constraints. . The number of 
GCPs is 13 and the number of GCP measurements is 15. The 
adjustment results are given in the Table 3. 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
ences, Vol XXXV, Part B4. Istanbul 2004 
Radhadevi P. V., Sasikumar T. P., Ramachandran R. 1994, 
Orbit Attitude Modelling and Derivation of Ground 
Coordinates from SPOT Stereo Pairs, ISPRS Journal of 
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 49(4), pp 22-28 
Pala V., Pons X. 1995, Incorporation of Relief in Polynomial - 
  
| 
X Y Z | 
Based Geometric Corrections, Photogrammetric Engineering 
GCPs | Average and Remote Sensing, Vol. 61, No. 7, pp 935-944 | 
Error 2.986 3.011 2.608 ; uM ; | 
(meter) Theodossiou E. |., Dowman [ J. 1990, Heighting Accuracy of eG 
RMSE SPOT, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, | e 
(meter) 3.922 3.647 3.949 Vol. 56, No. 11, pp1643-1649 / 
Tie Average Toutin T., Beaudoin M. 1995, Real-Time Extraction of | 
Point Error 0.22 0.24 ® Planimetric and Altimetric Features from Digital Stereo SPOT 
s (pixel) Data Using a Digital Video Plotter, Photogrammetric | 
EE 0.32 0.34 - Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 61, No. l, pp 63-68 | KEY 
pixe | 
References from Other Literature: | 
Table 3. Adjustment results with same pass constraints Erdogan, M., 2000. Investigating The Effect Of Digital | ABS’ 
Finally, the adjusted coordinates of the GCPs and tie points, Elevation Model Accuracy On The Planimetric Accuracy Of | 
which were calculated from the fewer point adjustment and Orthorectified Spot Imagery, M.Sc. Thesis, Middle East | High 
same pass constraint adjustment, were compared with the Technical University, The Department Of Geodetic And | appli 
reference coordinates. The results are given in Table 4. Geographic Information Technologies, Ankara, Turkey, pp. 1-5 | Comi 
| suppc 
X Y Z Heipke C., Kornus W.. Strunz G., Thiemann R., Colomina 1. | groun 
Fewer Averag 1992. Automatic Photogrammetric Processing of SPOT | 
point e Error | 20.857 3.083 63.054 Imagery For Point Determination and  Orthoprojecion, | Stere 
adjustmen | (meter) International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing | provi 
t RMSE | 33.681 | 4927 | 110.130 GM SE pner 
(meter) 
Same pass | Averag 
constraints | e Error | 10.423 2.008 30.443 
adjustmen | (meter) 
i RMSE 16.255 2.507 52.160 
(meter) Well: 
meast 
Table 4. Point errors imple 
4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 
When the same pass constraints are used in the adjustment New 
process, the accuracies changes completely when compared | appli 
with reference coordinates. The usage of same pass constraints 1999 
reduces the errors approximately two times. In similar projects, imag: 
choosing the images acquired by the single pass of satellite and vario 
using fewer GCPs with same pass constraints would provide 
better results. Cons 
Further studies can be possible by using different distribution inforr 
and number of GCPs over an imagery block. Such studies imple 
would be useful to determine an equation between the usage of (GCN 
many GCPs or fewer GCPs with same pass constraints. 
References from Journals: : 
Chen L., Lee L. 1993, Rigorous Generation of Digital Golb: 
Orthophotos from SPOT Images, Photogrammetric Engineering alreac 
& Remote Sensing, Vol. 59, No. 5, May 1993, pp. 655-661 jh p 
of hig 
Manadili Y., Novak K. 1996, Precision Rectification Of SPOT figure 
Imagery Using The Direct Linear Transformation Model, image 
Photogrammetric Engineering And Remote Sensing, Vol. 62, 
No. |, pp 67-72 
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