struments and 
[ain Geodetic 
| initiated the 
ind surveying 
lic map at the 
r this map was 
vas revised in 
ction with the 
aps takes the 
Xtains 4 sheets 
cording to the 
that sheet, the 
got their own 
rows from the 
e West to the 
name and the 
)000 with an 
: 1:25 000 also 
rom the above 
sheet frame of 
- it. Meridians 
ctions. Even if 
ght lines, the 
| two parallels 
quare, but ofa 
coordinates on 
s not easy. In 
requent when 
ineated on all 
perpendicular 
at the selected 
ric projection, 
m that would 
a very large 
ed therefore in 
ction onto the 
vas adopted in 
/ territory. On 
ill the grid of 
map sheets in 
s showed that 
n the graphic 
ed. Thus, the 
eventh system 
t the scale of 
in polyhedric 
and 1:200 000 
a more lasting 
ips, so we will 
ly the copies 
urces of these 
  
  
2.3 Topographic maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and smaller 
produced on the basis of topographic survey after the 
World War II 
The topographic survey of former Yugoslavia for the scale of 
1:25 000 started in 1947. The survey was preceded by extensive 
works on providing the geodetic documents. Systematic aerial 
photography in Yugoslavia started to function in 1952 within 
the scope of topographic survey for the maps at the scale of 
1:25 000. Since 1958 this procedure was applied as the only 
one in topographic survey. On the basis of these images, 82.694 
of the area of former Yugoslavia was mapped on topographic 
maps. Till 1957 the photographs were taken at the scale of 
1:20 000, since 1958 at the scale of 1:22 000 and 1:27 000, 
since 1959 at the scale of 1:30 000, and from 1960 to 1967 at 
the scales of 1:32 000 and 1:33 000. A great number of people 
participated at that topographic survey, and a great deal of 
material means was spent on it. Thus, there were about 200 
geodetic officers, 1118 soldiers, 315 horses, more than 140 
horse-drawn and 23 motor vehicles participating in the field 
works. It was one of the largest events in the geodetic service of 
that time that ended in 1967 (Peterca, 1985). It is also very 
interesting that for the survey of Yugoslavia at the scale of 
1:25 000 about 200 topographers were foreseen to work for 30 
years. However, due to the photogrammetric survey, 8596 of the 
territory was finished in 10 years with 150 operators (Buder, 
1971). 
The topographic map at the scale of 1:25 000 was made in three 
systems of Gauf-Krüger projection on the basis of the di- 
mensions of Bessel's ellipsoid. The longitudes were computed 
from Greenwich. The completion of that map brought a new 
source for compiling the topographic maps at smaller scales, 
i.e. the scales 1:50 000, 1:100 000 and 1:200 000. 
During the production of the map 1:25 000 it was decided that 
for that map, as well as for the maps at smaller scales, the sheet 
division that has the sheet of the International Map 1:1 000 000 
as its basis should be adopted. Because of several disad- 
vantages, and first of all because of the small map sheet area at 
the scale of 1:300 000 and larger, a partial revision of topo- 
graphic map sheet format and designations was made in 1965. 
The map sheet was taken at the scale of 1:200 000 as the basis 
for the new sheet division. The way of dividing and the size of 
sheets are the same as on other maps having the Paris meridian 
as the initial one. Only the sheet designations are different. The 
sheet designation of the map 1:200000 is made of the 
geographic coordinates of the central point of the sheet 
expressed in degrees. For example, if the central point of the 
sheet has the coordinates ¢=45°, A=16°, then its desig- 
nation is 4516. The map sheet 1:100 000 has got the name 
according to the most famous settlement of geographic object 
on that sheet and also the triple-digit designation. The map 
sheets 1:50 000 and 1:25 000 bear the sheet designation of the 
scale 1:100 000 and additional numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4. All sheets 
also have their names in the second edition of the map at the 
scale 1:25 000. 
There is a grid of the fifth, sixth or seventh system delineated 
on each sheet. On the maps at the scale of 1:25 000 and 
1:50 000 the grid is delineated at every four centimetres, i.e. for 
every one or two kilometres. On the map at the scale 1:100 000 
the distance between the grid lines makes two centimetres 
(2 km) in the first edition, and four centimetres (4 km) in the 
second edition, and on the map at the scale 1:200 000 this 
165 
distance is five centimetres (10 km). On the sheets in the belt of 
30' eastwards and westwards from the border meridians of the 
two systems along the map frame, the intersection of the 
neighbouring system grid lines are marked in blue colour, and 
their coordinates entered. In this way it is possible, if necessary, 
to reconstruct the grid of the neighbouring system on the sheet. 
In a longer period, certain maps from that series that were 
supplemented by the method of aerial photogrammetry, were 
not available for civil usage. We encounter in practice the 
multi-colour version of these maps, printed on paper. Not so 
often can we find single-colour version on foil. The contents of 
these high quality cartographic editions have been originally 
separated into about fifteen graphic layers that are unfortu- 
nately not available in Croatia for the time being (July, 2003), 
and it is doubtful whether they will be available in the future at 
all. SGA has a limited number of printed copies of these maps. 
The topographic map at the scale of 1:25 000 (TK 25) was 
made during the period 1951-1968 (the first edition). During 
the period 1969-1978 a new aerial survey was made. There was 
809^ of the area of former Yugoslavia photographed. Till 1969, 
the photography scale was 1:32 000, and after that 1:26 000 
(Buder, 1979). The new edition of TK 25 has the following 
characteristics for the area of Croatia: 
e In South Dalmatia, from Makarska to Prevlaka, the 
contents of the map correspond to the situation in the 
landscape in 1971-1973. y 
e In Istria, Gorski kotar and the territory of Kvarner, the 
contents of the map correspond to the situation in 1974- 
1976. 
e For the rest of the territory of Croatia the map contents 
correspond to the situation in 1977-1979, apart from the 
narrow belt along the border with Slovenia, where a new 
survey was made, and the contents correspond to the 
situation in the landscape in 1984-1986. The basic scale of 
photography was 1:36 000, and 1:26 000 for the areas with 
larger changes (Sabo, 1984; VGI 1989). 
The topographic map at the scale 1:50 000 (TK 50) was made 
during the period 1958-1972 (the first edition). During the 
period 1978-1986 the second edition that was supplemented on 
the basis of a new edition of TK 25 was published. For the 
territory of Croatia this edition has got the following charac- 
teristics: 
e In Istria, Gorski kotar, Lika and northern Dalmatia 
(Northwards of Makarska), the map contents correspond to 
the landscape situation in 1978-1979. 
e For the rest of the Croatian territory, the map contents 
correspond to the situation in 1980-1981, apart from the 
narrow belt along the border with Slovenia that correspond 
to the situation in 1985-1986. 
The topographic map at the scale of 1:100 000 (TK 100) was 
made during the period 1964-1974 (the first edition) on the 
basis of the map TK 50. During the period 1979-1984 the 
second edition was published, supplemented on the basis of the 
new edition of the maps TK 25 and TK 50. For the area of 
Croatia this edition has the following characteristics: 
e At the territory of Western Croatia the map contents 
correspond to the landscape situation in 1979-1981.