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TRADITIONS IN EDUCATION AND 
Communications in Fotomatics 
A review on traditional milestones in the field of education and 
communications in Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and 
GIS/L1S highlights the following events : 
The education in Photogrammetry started short after the 
invention of the photography by NIEPCE ( FRANCE ) in 1839, 
which led to the plane-table photogrammetry. 
Dealing with plane table Photogrammetry might still today offer 
new educational and even scientific aspects. 
The invention of the airplane on the beginning of our century 
became another milestone for the development of 
Photogrammetry. 
Aerial photography stimulated for several “classical” inventions 
of analog instruments for visualization, interpretation and 
geometric evaluation, which partly appear on the market almost 
until today. These instruments are namely the Stereoscope, the 
Stereo-Comparator (about 1900 by PULFRICH), the 
Stereoplotter, the Multiplex, the Rectifier and the analog 
Orthophotoprinter. 
Highlightting this queue, in 1956 HELAVA invented the hybrid 
Analytical Plotter, which was based on an early computer. 
From a progressive point of view these are all historic 
instruments, though they are party still in use and even still in 
production. 
From dealing with traditional photogrammetric instruments, the 
multiplex principle has been identified as a very important 
educational tool to visualize photogammetric realations. 
Therefore every School, teaching Photogrammetry today, 
Should procure and run at least 2 multiplex related projectors, 
possibly assisted by ISPRS. 
FUTURE ASPECTS OF EDUCATION AND 
Communication in Fotomatics 
1.1 Guidelines for cuuricula in Fotomatics 
Guidelines for currila in Fotomatics must consider both, 
traditional and advanced Photogrammetry. The general content 
of a curriculum can be derived from the valid or suggested 
topics of the ISPRS Commsisions, which are, e.g., 
Professional Matters, Project suited for applications of 
Fotomatics, Sensors, Image Generation (including data beses 
via www), Image-Rectification (including GIS etc. ) and Image 
- Interpretataion ( including artificial intelligence). 
The following basics in Photogrammetry shall assist in 
education, but shall also stimulate for 
Photogrammetric research and give practical figures, like the 
optimum base length for photogrammetric triangulation 
purposes. 
Undergraduate education in Fotomatics in Particular should 
start with practical training in stereoscopy offering own 
experience in stereo-photography. 
3.2. Basic Education in Stereo-Photogrammetry 
Stereo-Photography, as a very important basic stop for a good 
documentation, stimulates the interest in our profession and 
might even be applied as proffesion on its own! 
In partiular some million historic stereo pairs beside their 
documentary value, with important geometric information, wait 
for restoration and comparison purpose etc.. 
As an example the authors successfully maintain the “ Stereo 
image archive Prof. Schuhr” 
With wordwide samples and access. 
As a matter of fact, moving back to the roots, still shows a 
surprising great demand for research work, already in the basic 
field of stereoscopy. It is the intention of the authors to point to 
this research gaps, e.g.: 
• a systematic investigation of the complete stereo aids, 
available, in particultural to be used on a PC: 
From a proper dealing with this problem even the future of 
the whole computer industry can be changed. 
A candidate for a new PC generation (!) might be the so 
caleed “3D tube” which generates 3D laser based models 
within a cylindrical plexiglass tube in colour and in real time 
for direct vision. 
Other stereo-principles without any guarantee for completeness 
should also be subject for education and research: 
stereocopes : lens stereoscopes, mirror stereoscopes, mirror 
stereoscopes without lenses, 
anaglyphs, 
polarized light 
liquid crystal shutter glasses 
optical gate 
chroma depth 
continous Profilling 
Cyberspace 
Holography 
-“one-eyed sun glasses” for watching particular video 
sequences, which have been taken 
from a moving platform (e.g..car, train, boat, airplane) 
perpendicular to the moving direction. 
Also the video camera can be fixed, but then the object must 
show a perpendicular movement to the camera direction. To 
obtain a 3D impression in colour, this video sequence is shown 
on a TV screen, but observed with ordinary sun glasses with 
one missing dark glass. 
• Which is the optimum base-length for stereo photography ? 
A first result for the optimum base-length “b” between 
maximum and minimum base-length is : 
(s’/2c) * ymin. > b >_ (10 mm/c(mm)) ~k ymax. 
This formula has not been published so far. 
With s’ = image length 
c = focal length 
c(mm) = focal length in mm 
y min = minimum object distance 
y max = maximum object distance 
b = optimum base-length 
An extention of the maximum base length would lose the 
stereosopic effect, while a shortening of the minimum base 
length would reduce the relative point accuracy of 1:1000, as 
introduced here. 
For a camera with c = 40 mm focal length and a 6x6 cm image 
format this simply results into the interval for an optimum base- 
length “b” : 
0.75 -k ymin. > b > 0.25 ★ ymax. 
For an amateur-camera with c = 28 mm focal length and a 24 x 
36 mm image format the optimum base-length “b” is : 
0.6 ~k ymin. > b > 0.3 ~k ymax.