CIPA 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September — 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
3. PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE 
Since the development of the science of photogrammetry, there 
have been many applications of its techniques and technology in 
the recording and documentation of monuments and sites of 
importance. Whilst there may have been a redirection of effort 
when aerial mapping expanded following the invention of 
aircraft, there has been a shift again to other measurement 
applications offered by photogrammetry, especially those in 
architecture and archaeology. Developments in the sciences of 
photogrammetry and image processing over the past decade or 
so have seen an increase in the automation of the data collection 
process, ranging from high precision industrial applications 
through to simple solutions for non-traditional users (for 
example, 3D Builder and Photo modeler). In addition, systems 
that use imagery from consumer digital and analogue video 
systems and sequences of images have almost automated the 
creation of three-dimensional (3D) models (as has the 
development of 3D laser scanners (Ogleby, 1999). 
4. CASE STUDY 
The land of present-day Turkey, between Asia and Europe, has 
been called the crossroads of history. It has always been the 
scene of international exchange of culture, art and architecture. 
Since early days, the traditions of the past, in the social and 
cultural reflection of various Anatolian Civilizations can still be 
seen in Turkey and in the remains of historical cities dating 
from the Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Ages to mosques, 
palaces and historical houses of the Ottoman Period. (Giilersoy, 
1991). 
Fatih is situated at the slopes of the fourth hill in the Historic 
Peninsula in Istanbul. The district starts at the shores of the 
Golden Horn-Hali«?, and extends up the slopes along the Atatlirk 
Boulevard. Retaining walls reaching up to 15 meters are to be 
found at some spots along the Atatiirk Boulevard, as well as 
dykes and terraces dating from the Byzantine period. These 
structures present an interesting view in the direction of Galata, 
Golden Horn, and the Historic Peninsula. (Giilersoy, 2001). 
In this study the monastery of Christ Pantepoptes (Eski Imaret-i 
Atik Cami) in Fatih was selected to sample building for the case 
study. Figure 1 show the sample building and study area. 
The monastery of Christ Pantepoptes is known to have been 
either founded or renovated by Anna Dalassena, mother of 
Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118). Built on the summit of the 
City's fourth hill, above the underground cisterns, it commands 
a magnificent view of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus. The 
location explains the name Pantepoptes, i.e. the All-Seeing. The 
church is of the cross-inscribed type with four columns 
supporting a dome. Its ground plan is that of a three-aisled 
church with two narthexes. Though in a state of neglect, the 
elegantly proportioned building has retained the fine decorative 
brick work of the exterior, the shallow niches, the arches 
framing single or triple windows, the arcade of the gallery on 
the west side, the meander and rosette friezes, as well as 
sections of the cornices carved with palmettes. 
4.1 Photogrammetric Documentation of Monastery of 
Christ Pantepoptes 
Detailed geometric information of the sample building was 
derived from architectural photogrammetry and geodetic 
measurements. (El Din, 2000). The images were taken with 
Rollei D7 metric camera. The images were not taken normal 
case. The control points (approx. 35) were realized by using 
geodetic techniques. The control points were measured using 
Pentax total station. 
Figure 1. The sample building and study area. 
In this step the image coordinates and lines were measured 
manually each image. The process of tie point measurement has 
to be done interactively and therefore is very time consuming. 
Together line measurement the object topology was specified 
and thereby the coplanarity of the lines bordering a face. This 
topological information must be stored alongside the point 
identifiers and coordinates in the data set. In our study we used 
the low-cost program Photo Modeler by Eos Systems Inc. for 
point measurement and definition of topology (Eos Systems 
Inc., 1997). The photogrammetric evaluation was done partly 
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