CI P A 2003 XIX th International Symposium, 30 September - 04 October, 2003, Antalya, Turkey 
documentation of a heritage site can be comprised of a wide 
range of sources, from original drawings to oral testimony of 
current residents. In our documentation project at the 
Ottoman fortresses of Seddulbahir and Kumkale we were 
fortunate to have a very rich and diverse range of archival 
material which allowed us to chart the architectural and 
historical development of the fortifications from the time of 
their construction in the mid seventeenth century, through 
several hundred years of the buildings’ evolution. For 
example, the 1665 foundation deed, or vakfiyye, still exists 
for the two Ottoman fortresses and is located in the 
Suleymaniye Library in Istanbul. From this source we know 
that the fortresses at Kumkale and Seddulbahir were each to 
have within their grounds a bath, mosque, school and various 
barracks for the soldiers stationed at the fortress. From 
Ottoman repair records of the fortresses we have archival 
information about the different types of building material 
used for repairs in the 17th through the 19th centuries; in the 
18th century there are extensive reports and drawings by 
French military advisors who had been invited by the sultan 
to modernize the military and fortifications in the Ottoman 
Empire. As both Seddulbahir and Kumkale were the sites of 
major battles during World War I’s Gallipoli campaign, there 
are numerous photographs and sketches of the two strategic 
sites in the military archives of France, Britain, and Turkey. 
As Seddulbahir and Kumkale are situated at entrance to the 
Dardanelles and only a few kilometers from the 
archaeological sites of Troy and Eleaus, the two fortresses 
have been commented upon, described and sketched 
frequently by many travelers who passed through the famed 
waterway of the Dardanelles. 
There is, in short, a great richness and diversity in the types 
of data that have been collected as part of the research into 
the historical and visual records for these two Ottoman 
fortresses. The challenge is to organize this data in an 
efficient and accessible way so that people other than the 
project members can understand it and make it available for 
queries that may not have been anticipated by those who 
initially conducted the archival research. The decision to use 
a G1S for storage and retrieval of this type of information has 
proved, to date, to be advantageous. One of the major 
benefits of the GIS is that the time component of a historical 
structure can be clearly mapped. In other words, we can 
chart and then layer the various physical changes that have 
occurred to a structure and coordinate these changes with the 
archival data we have collected for a particular section of a 
structure. Because the archival data is intermittent e.g. we do 
not have it for every year, or for every section of the building 
the research that continues by team members or others who 
are interested in the project, can gradually fill in many of the 
lacunae in our historical data and better coordinate it with the 
physical plan. Ultimately we achieve a fairly accurate idea 
of how the fortress developed and changed through several 
centuries of usage. 
GEODETIC SURVEY 
One of the most important tasks of the documentation of a 
historical site is the geodetic survey. Site documentation has 
to be layered upon the foundation of the geodetic data. 
Survey plans will require sufficient research to prepare a 
developmental history of the project area and to identify the 
contexts and associated property types. Reconnaissance 
survey of the area is required to gain an understanding of the 
variety, type, and location of historic properties. The final 
survey plan identifies several approaches for future surveying 
and describes specific objectives. Each approach or 
methodology should be assigned a priority ranking to assist 
in future decision making. 
During the limited time of a campaign at an architectural or 
archaeological site enormous amount of data is acquired. 
This extensive set of initial data is necessary to determine the 
directions in which the project can develop. The high 
demands according to completeness, accuracy and reliability 
besides the limited resources of time and manpower require 
the use of modern techniques. The first task of the survey is 
to establish a geodetic network to take account of the 
distribution of the historical structures in the site. Thereafter 
all the measurements, even simple detail measurements, must 
be in the same coordinate system. The main problems like 
orientation, scale, relation can besolved automatically, even 
if transformation of data is required. The foundation of a 
modern campaign is the design, survey and signalizing of the 
geodetic network. 
(http://cipa.icomos.org/papers/99w605.htm) 
Determination of what measurement methods and 
instruments are going to be used in survey campaigns 
depends upon the target goals and expected accuracy of the 
project.The GPS survey method can be used in an outdoor 
survey; however TPS method will be necessary for indoor 
surveys. Disto tools can be used instead of steel tapes for 
easy and quick use. 3D Laser Scanning solution has some 
advantages on some surfaces, which have lots of essential 
details that must be measured; additionally this method 
provides 3D modelling at the same time. Surveyors provide 
data by using a wide variety of surveying techniques and 
computer equipment, including electronic distance measuring 
instruments, global positioning systems (GPS) and digital 
mapping systems to define and discover natural formations 
around a particular site. They process the data collected by 
GPS receivers and check for accuracy and efficiency. 
Surveyors attempt to determine the exact locations and 
relative positions of natural features and man-made structures 
on the historical site. The points of elevation in the land, 
contours and other important surveying features must be 
determined. For the precise surveying of building facades and 
interior spaces close range photogrammetry and TPS are the 
main survey methods. If control point coordinates are 
available, the orientation of the images can be done on site, 
and can demonstrate the need for additional control points or 
for marking appropriate tie points. Digital rectifications can 
be carried out on a laptop at the site, delivering an immediate 
result for the the researchers. Systematic coding of the 
measured points and other productions is also important. 
When the survey is completed and all appropriate data 
collected, the office work begins. This consists of analyzing 
the data and preparing drafts , drawings and maps from this 
information. If a well-considered point enumeration exists 
and an appropriate software package has been installed, a 
CAD model can be derived easily from the results of the 
adjustment program. 
The on site cooperation between the geodesy engineers and 
the architects working on the project is essential for some of 
practical applications involved in drawing and surveying 
methods. Architectural or archaeological sketches are 
generally done analogously using traditional methods, but 
newer technology provides digital solutions for practical site