878 
plains and is dendritic in the north western corner 
of the region. The surface being generally sloping, 
most of the rain water contributes to runoff. The 
direction of runoff flow is radial on the outcrops 
and easterly on the western rock plains. In either 
case the runoff flows over the flood plain areas 
against the riverain features. 
4.3.3 Wind action 
South-western corner of the region is a vast piedmont 
plain over which extensive sand dunes have formed 
as a result of wind action. The sources of sand 
are apparently the beds of Indus river and the 
Baran Nadi. Interdunal valleys are small. Sand dunes 
appear to be stable. Presence of K.B. Feeder canal 
along outskirts of these dunes restricts the flow 
of runoff (1976 situation). Along the left bank of 
the Feeder canal, south of Jamshoro, the areas are 
ponded by seepage. But due to presence of sand 
cover in the remaining left bank area, the situation 
is not clear on the photographs. 
4.3.4 Under-designed infrastructure 
Several instances of progressive spreading of wet 
bodies are studied on the two set of aerial photographs. 
On 1953 scene, no appreciable ponding or seepage 
is observed along the railway line, flood protection 
embankments and canal system. However in 1976 scene, 
surplus water stagnates along these features and 
occasionally permeates across them. This situation 
indicates that the urban infrastructure is largely 
under-designed. In addition, around the peripheries 
of the rock outcrops sizable pockets of open water 
are observed on 1976 photography. The earlier situa 
tion displays wetness only on limited patches. 
Extensive wet areas were observed west of K.B. 
Feeder. From the adjacent rock plains, these areas 
receive runoff which occasionally accumulates along 
the canal bank creating temporary ponding. This 
ponding is not apparent on 1953 photographs. 
It was understood (WAPDA, 1979) that the canals 
system in the region does not create seepage zone? 
along their courses due to entrenchment of three 
canals below the ground surface and lining of the 
fourth one. The study of 1976 photographs, however, 
reveals that seepage zone does restrict subsoil flow 
of water and contributes to the basinal areas through 
old partially covered channel remnants. The entire 
wet zone occuring along the western bank of the 
canals is mainly due to restrictive action of the 
seepage zone and inadequacy of surface water dispo 
sal. On 1953 photographs, this area appears well 
drained. 
5 PROPOSALS FOR URBAN DEVELOPMENT 
Most of the open areas available for urban expansion 
adjacent to tne existing civic infrastructure are asso 
ciated with drainage problems. The experience gained 
from development of Latifabad has not been used 
as guidelines for future developments. The develop 
ment schemes along Hyderabad-Jamshoro road are 
being implemented on a back-swamp area which is 
being fed by seepage from canals and the river 
and by runoff from the old city. The area has 
high watertable and highly sloughing type of soil 
material. It has been difficult to lay sewerage pipe 
in the subsoil (Fig 4). Without provision of adequate 
surface and subsurface drainage, this area would 
behave exactly like parts of Latifabad Project where 
most of the sewerage system has collapsed as a 
result of sloughing action. 
Urban expansion schemes along Hyderabad Tando 
Mohammad Khan road are located on areas which 
are flat. But may have rocks at shallow depth. 
Fig.3 Stereogram showing complex altered drainage 
pattern as a result of flooding, runoff and structure 
of the basement rocks. 
Fig.4 Photograph indicating difficulty in excavation 
of trenches for laying sewerage pipes in very fine 
sandy and silty sloughing material along Hyderabad- 
Jamshoro highway. 
These areas are saline and receive runoff from the 
adjoining rocks. Subsoil water flow would be restricted 
by the seepage zones of the canals in the east. 
In addition, presence of restrictive clayey lenses 
in the subsoil would locally create perched watertable 
conditions. Open drains with proper arrangements 
for disposal of drainage water are required. 
On the right bank of the river, the Piedmont 
Plains are quite suitable for urban expansion provided 
adequate arrangements are made to dispose off the 
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REFEREI 
Abu B 1 
Map 
of P; 
Ahmad 
Pakist 
Beg, M. 
Hyde 
Buringh 
graphs 
Interp 
Goosen 
Survi 
Unite 
Govern 
Jalal-uc 
-Soils 
Lahoi 
L.I.P. 
Repo 
Serv 
Mian, 
and 
Desig 
Mushtaq 
Surv 
Lahoi 
PEPAC 
Hyd 
Soil 
Soils 
(SMS