res. Also it showed that there are certain peaks in
time with respect to the movements of boats, and
that only a relatively small part of all boats
actually was sailing at any given time.
In this way this specific recreational lut could be
further specified and even subdivided and the requi
rements defined in more detail. It helped in design
ing a plan for a proper management of the recrea
tion area.
Also in the analysis of recreation along beaches
and shorelines specific patterns of behaviour in
space and time could be observed (RWS 1979; and also
Dodt 1984).
The "border effect", that is the result of
people's preference for selecting a place that per
mits a clear view over the open space but at the
same time gives some backcover, appears rather
clear (Jonge 1965; 1873; 1968: 13).
Distance from parking place or entrance gate is
another important factor.
This type of information makes it possible to
design a recreation area in such a way that a maxi
mum number of recreationists can be satisfactorily
accomodated on a minimum of area. It also makes it
possible to anticipate an expected distrubution
over an area with measures to protect some sensi
tive parts of the area.
MAIN APPROACHES TO LANDEVALUATION FOR RECREATION
In the previous sections it has been discussed how
to identify and define - in more or in less detail
relevant recreational lut's and the qualities of
land units (resources), that are able to satisfy the
requirements of these lut's, by various methods in
which airphoto interpretation can play a major role.
Now it is time to try and discuss how these methods
can be applied in real landevaluation procedures.
Different approaches are possible on different
levels of detail. The first approach could be called
the "recreation approach". In this approach the
starting point is an apparent (often rapidly increa
sing) demand for recreation that is exerting an
increasing pressure on the available resources.
After identification of the major demands and pro
perly defining them as recreational lut's with their
requirements an inventory can be made of the land
units, landscape elements or resources, that are in
varying degrees suitable for these lut's. Actual use
can then be compared with the potential of the re
sources and can give an indication of the possibi
lities for further development. These possibilities
can be the new development of yet unexploited re
sources or measures to achieve an optimal use of the
presently used resources.
The second approach could be called the "tourism
approach". In this approach the starting point is
the notion that a certain recreational (or tour-
istical) resource is available and that development
of that resource might have a positive influence on
the economy of the region. After a first exploratory
definition of the resource the potential demand
should be identified. That means:for what type of
recreational lut's would this resource be suitable,
where are concentrations of demand for this lut and
what alternative competing supplies of resources for
this demand are available? In other words, what is
the chance that development of the resource will
attract sufficient numbers of tourists to make the
investment worthwile?
A third approach could be called the "conservation
approach". In this approach the central issue is,
that recreationists are attracted by resources that
are also considered to have high value from a point
of view of nature and/or landscape conservation and
that may be damaged by (too high) a recreational
pressure. After a first inventory of the resources
involved the recreational lut's attracted by these
resources can be inventoried and analysed, especial
ly with respect to their impact on the resources and
also to the spatial behaviour patterns. Actual use
and potential use can be compared and possible fu
ture developments identified. These future develop
ments can be anticipated and guided or deflected
making use of the knowledge of factors influencing
the spatial behaviour. Without banning recreation
completely, with proper management the main conser
vation aim may be achieved as well.
A variation on this approach is to only identify
which recreational lut's, with respect to their
impacts, could be tolerated in which parts of the
area without objection to the major aim of conser
vation. This could be called the "permissive ap
proach" . Examples of the use of this approach are
the Meyendel case in the Netherlands (Meulen 1985)
and the Stiavnicke Vrchy landscape area in Czecho
slovakia (Krajiovii 1985).
Of course there may be more approaches or varia
tions on these approaches possible. One major fur
ther subdivision could be made with respect to the
level of detail. Just as with landevaluation for
all other kinds of lut's also here a distinction
can be made between reconnaissance, semi-detailed
and detailed level (FAO 1977: 6).
Thus,in the recreation approach in a reconnais
sance survey a first inventory of resources can be
made with a rough suitability grading. Then a fur
ther semi-detailed suitability analysis can be made
for only the most promising resources, after which
a detailed analysis would be necessary to establish
the proper management of the finally selected re
sources. An example of a multistage approach of
landevaluation for recreation is given by Dill
(1962) for the north-eastern USA. Land evaluation
for recreation in more or less single stages with
the aid of airphoto interpretation are described by
Olson et al. (1969) for Michigan, USA, and by Mac-
Connel (1969) for the Connecticut River Valley,
USA.
British examples of landevaluation for recreation
are that for Snowdonia National Park (Gittins, in:
Rodgers 1973: 483-484) and that for the North York
Moors (Statham 1972). In these examples airphoto
interpretation was not actually used, but could
have been used very well.
A example of the German approach to landevaluation
for recreation is the study carried out for Sauer-
land (Kiemstedt 1975).
In the tourism approach the reconnaissance phase
would have to give the answer on the question
whether the available resource will be able to at
tract enough tourists or not. If yes, then further
analysis can be carried out to determine where best
to concentrate the development of what type of
facilities.
So if, for example, a country like Botswana wants
to exploit its major touristic resource, which is
wildlife, it has to realize that with respect to
the main sources of tourists, Western Europe and
North America, it has heavy competition from East
Africa where wildlife viewing can be combined with
a beach holiday, and that nearby concentrations of
demand, mainly from South Africa, are relatively
small (Zee 1985) .
Only in the conservation approach it may be ex
pected that analysis at semi-detailed or even de
tailed level is directly required. This approach
may be, or better, ought to be called in at this
level in the two other approaches.
With respect to the methodology involved, the re
connaissance level could be based on interpretation
of a single (small scale) airphoto coverage only,
or may be even of a satellite image. For semi-
detailed analysis larger scales and sequential
coverages might be necessary to give more informa
tion about trends and about the impact on the envi
ronment. The detailed level may require special
purpose photography to assess spatial behaviour
characteristics.
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