Trieste for 
on. Projects 
Europe are 
s equipment 
n of such a 
ner will be 
> 
lation and 
;) and Road 
Geophysical 
Geographic 
d Cadastre 
, Ferri, W., 
sumeci, F., 
ematic road 
Conference, 
.oad Survey 
pportunities 
s Economic 
2002. Status 
in the CEI 
Symposium 
EI (Central 
02, Reports 
iversity of 
Astronomy, 
, Purga, A., 
sults. To be 
tic Meeting 
May 2003, 
lechnology, 
Strade nel 
rde, 83, pp. 
] GIS using 
dings of the 
Italy, 9-10 
(63), 2002, 
eodesy and 
  
EDUCATION IN DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY USING ORTHOENGINE OF PCI 
B. D. Marinov^ *, N. P. Draganova* 
" University of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy , Faculty of Geodesy, boul. Hristo Smirnenski 1, Sofia 
1046, Bulgaria — marinovb_fgs@uacg.bg, petrova_npd@yahoo.com 
Commission VI, WG VI/4 
KEY WORDS: Digital photogrammetry, Cadastre, Education, Training 
ABSTRACT: 
The main topics of this report are the requirements for education in 
digital photogrammetry. The basic steps of processing in digital 
photogrammetry that have to be trained include measurement and triangulation, DEM production and editing, ortho generation, 
mosaicing and 3-D feature extraction. The existing of all steps in OrthoEngine of PCI Geomatics is important property, which made 
this system suitable for the educational purposes. 
The utilization of OrthoEngine of PCI Geomatics is possible for solving the different types of tasks and for processing of aerial or 
space photos and scanner images. The degrees of automation of different steps of measurements are compared. The main emphasis 
is made on the possibilities for education and training in the measurements of fiducial marks, tie points and control points. 
The advantages of producing DEM from stereo are mentioned, that 
include the possibilities for working in full automatic mode and 
creation the high detailed model. The selection of parameters for DEM creation gives the possibility for adapting to the type of 
terrain properties. The versatility of OthoEngine for training in manual DEM editing is shown. The comparison between the 
accuracy and the time consuming for orthorectification is made depending on the used type of resampling method. 
There are compared two types of digital technologies applied for purposes of creation the digital models of the objects based on 3D 
digitising and 2D digitizing of orhoimages. The structure of attribute information is suggested, which could be suitable for purposes 
of cadastral usage. The data format is adopted for export to ArcView GIS environment. 
1. INTRODUCTION 
Digital methods are widely used in modern photogrammetry. 
Digital photogrammetric systems are used in close range 
photogrammetry aerial photogrammetry and in processing of 
space images. The appropriate preparation of students for 
solving of whole such types of task is very important. There are 
a variety of digital photogrammetric systems, which have 
different possibilities and power but they are with different 
price too. For educational purposes is of great importance to 
practice (train) on different types of images and to introduce 
different photogrammetric technologies based on application 
areas. 
Two main photogrammetric technologies that are used are 
production of digital orthophoto and 3-D vectorising. Almost all 
Digital photogrammetric systems support these two 
technologies. But the degree of automation and the adaptation 
of the systems is different. Some of the systems are designed 
for orthophoto production mainly, other for 3-D vectorisation 
and some of them are more universal. 
Depending on their power the systems could be divided in three 
groups: low level systems, intermediate level systems and high 
level systems. The low level systems usually do not have high 
automation of measurement and support only the monoscopic 
or anaglyph methods of measurement. The DOS version of 
DVP is a system of such type. The intermediate set of digital 
photogrammetric systems is most numerous. It includes the 
Systems:  VirtuoZo of Supresoft Inc, SISCAM, DVP 
(Windows) (Leica, 1992a), PCI Geomatics, PhotoMOD of 
RACURSE. They are usually universal systems that support 
othophoto production thechnology and vectrizing functions. 
187 
They utilize monoscopic or stereoscopic measurements of tie 
points and control points and the stereoscopic measurements in 
vectorization. Almost all systems allow to produce DEM from 
stereo but the diversity of editing of DEM and reliability of 
produced DEM is different. The supported function of 3D- 
digitising includes editing of the discrete data and the 
flexability of attribute generated data. The high level systems 
usually have all possibilities of system of intermediate class but 
also possess high level of automation of separate processing and 
in their operation there are included some features of artificial 
intelligence to improve the accuracy and reliability of obtained 
results. The ZImaging of ZEISS-Intergraph (Intergraph 
Corporation, 1994) and Digital Photogrammetric Workstation 
of Helava (Leica , 1992b) belong to this class of systems. 
There are some developments in which the speciaized products 
are developed to satisfy the recuirements for edcation in digital 
photogrammetry (Albery, E., et al., 2000; Ireneusz, E., et al., 
2000). 
For educational purposes could be used all systems that own the 
function for different types of images and different digital 
technologies. From practical point of view the middle class 
system are more appropriate as they have relatively low prises 
in conjunction with almost all functionality except of course 
some rather sophisticated and specific features. OrthoEngine of 
PCI Geomatcs incorporate the main features of an Universal 
Photogrammetric system and is suitable for educational 
purposes (PCI Geomatics, 2001).