plots etc. They are to be used primarily during the process of 
removal, restoration treatment and the re-location of the 
findings. 
All digital images used, the digital results and intermediate data 
are stored on CD-ROMs. Analogue versions of maps are stored 
as well. 
PROBLEMS 
Concerning the accuracy of the plotting and, of course, of the 
whole documentation, one problem is the perceptibility of the 
single findings during plotting and repositioning. Several 
findings are difficult to differentiate from the surroundings or 
from pieces of loess differing from the bones only very slightly 
in color and pattern which complicates the process of plotting. 
On site, this differentiation should be easy, whereas a problem 
during repositioning might be to rotate and move the finding 
into the position that corresponds to that during the 
measurements and, of course, to the outline plotted in the map. 
The combination of the map with the rectified images and the 
stereo images of the situation, with the findings in situ should 
help to solve these possible problems. 
CONCLUSIONS 
This article describes the combination of different metric and 
semi-metric techniques for the documentation of archaeological 
excavations or locations. Especially the non-metric imaging 
methods are very interesting as they are easy to generate, easy 
to use, have a high content of information and can be provided 
very fast. The anaglyph images can give a 3D impression of the 
location without the need of any expensive hard- or software. In 
most cases, photos of the findings or situation have to be taken 
anyway. The additional amount of time needed to take the 
second photo for the stereo model is small as soon as some 
experience is achieved. The content of information of the stereo 
models is bigger as compared to single photos. Of course, the 
quality is limited in comparison to other techniques (e.g. 
because of the detoriation of the quality of colors). In this field 
the future development in hard- and software promises 
improvements. The software tool used in this project 
(CRANAG 3D) is already capable of generating stereo images 
for certain shutter glasses, which eliminates the reduction of 
colors in the stereo images on the one hand, but at the same 
moment needs a computer screen for displaying the image. The 
development of 3D devices is making big progresses, last but 
not least because of the 3D computer game scene which leads to 
standards and a reduction of costs. Thus, taking stereo images is 
recommended as a means of documentation, especially when no 
complete metric 3D documentation is done. It can then be seen 
as a procedure halfway between no 3D documentation at all and 
a full metric 3D documentation that can be carried out at 
reasonable expenditure. 
The use of close range photogrammetry delivers metric results 
and, in case of using analogue images, a very good 
documentation for archiving. If the high accuracy is necessary 
for a certain documentation project must be decided by the 
project managers. Considering the comparatively short amount 
of time needed for image capture as compared to processing, it 
might be sensible in some cases to take the metric images 
without processing them. If necessary, this can be done later. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
The described project could be accomplished based on the more 
than 10 years lasting co-operation between the Shaanxi 
Archaeological Institute in Xi'an, PR China, and the Rômisch- 
Germanisches Zentralmuseum in Mainz, Germany. This co- 
operation is funded by the German Federal Ministry of 
Education and Research. 
The superb support by the colleagues of the Shaanxi 
Archaeological Institute and the archaeological team of the 
Museum of the Terra-Cotta warriors and horses of Qin 
Shihuang during the field campaign was essential for the quick 
and troublefree completion of the work. 
REFERENCES 
Bôhler, W.; Heinz, G. : 
Vermessungstechnische Methoden in der archäologischen 
Dokumentation - Arbeitsblätter für Restauratoren, Verlag des 
Rômisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, Heft 1, 1998, 
S. 51-58 - Mainz - 1998 
Bôhler, W.; Heinz, G. : 
Documentation, Surveying, Photogrammetry. - XVII CIPA 
Symposium, Proceedings - Recive, Brasil - 1999 
Homepage for CRANAG 3D. http://www.leual.ch/anaglyph/ 
Homepage for Z-Anaglyph. 
http://z-graphix.com/anaglyph/zanag en.htm 
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